00:00: As we wrap up, let me share with you a few tips on writing a good scientific argument. Number one, start with a clear, concise statement of your main point or hypothesis. I’m sure some of you have read the article of this week. It says urbanisation is happening in the world. That’s a good opening statement, even though it’s a known fact.
00:31: But, beginning with that universal statement, you are letting your audience know that you are aware of what is happening globally and that you are current. But if you start with an opening statement that puts your audience off from the beginning, the reader is unable to follow. So, use a good opening statement to describe the situation that you are interested in. And it must be testable, verifiable, or refutable. Number two, provide a good background information that sets the stage for your argument.
01:05: Clearly define any key terms or concepts that are central to your argument. This is usually evident from your references, which proves adequate scholarship or not. Because your references will tell how much and how widely you have read. Just looking at the diversity of your citations, original collections. Are they just a collection of Nigerian authors about Nigeria – if you are from Nigeria, for example.
01:31: Are your articles only from Nigerian authors, or are you a regional scholar going beyond Nigeria to talk about the African perspective, or even global perspectives? These are the variables that your audience will use to assess you. And then, if you are using primary scientific research, make sure the information from that research process is valid. From how you went about your sampling, to data collection, to data analysis, and all that.
02:01: So that, that’s why we encourage students to give proper attention to your methodology. It’s very pivotal. Number three, gather evidence from credible peer-reviewed scientific sources or follow standard scientific procedures. Remember, you must include data, statistics, and research findings that support or refute your claim. It must be in line with acceptable scientific principles or existing knowledge. You must demonstrate how the report of your findings relates with existing work.
02:35: Use graphs, tables, and charts to illustrate your points clearly. Avoid reporting your findings as if you are the only one who has done this type of work. Number four, explain how the evidence supports your claim. Show the cause-and-effect relationship. Also, anticipate and refute potential counter-arguments or alternative explanations. Number five, mind the use of key verbs and appropriate tenses.
03:03: The way you discuss your work is important. There are key verbs that make reporting clear and readable. So, the choice of appropriate key verbs makes for very easy comprehension and readership. This is how to sustain the interest of your reader. For example, you can say the study observed or analysed or compared or examined. Number six, avoid jargon and complex language where possible.
03:31: Aim for clarity and precision. Revise your argument to eliminate any ambiguities or errors. The next is the style of writing. Those of us that maybe have some background in sciences or natural sciences may have to learn how to write simple and not be too technical in your expression. Your choice of vocabulary and terminologies must be consistent with your field and basic rules in English language. Finally, pay attention to the structure and organisation of your article.
04:02: Start with an introduction that presents your claim and outlines the structure of your argument. Each paragraph should focus on a single point supported by evidence. Summarise your argument. Restate the main point and emphasise the significance of your findings. So, these are a few steps I have for us on a good scientific argument. And they are by no means exhaustive. I will stop here.